Chloe Adams
Candles are a popular way to create ambiance and fragrance in the home, but are all candles carcinogenic? The scientific and expert opinion on the safety of candles is mixed, with some people claiming that candles release potentially harmful toxins and others arguing that candles don't contain enough toxins to pose a significant health risk. While burning a candle, you release hydrocarbons, chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon, into the air. Certain candles, such as those made with paraffin wax, have been found to release carcinogenic soot and harmful substances such as benzene and formaldehyde when burned. However, other types of candles, such as those made with beeswax or soy wax, are considered non-toxic alternatives. The key factors determining the safety of candle burning include proper use, good ventilation, and choosing reputable brands and natural candle sources.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Burning candles release hydrocarbons | Toluene, benzene, formaldehyde, and phthalates |
| Candles may emit toxins even when unlit | |
| Candles made from natural sources are better | Palm stearin releases half as much soot as paraffin candles |
| Burning candles may release toxins | Toluene is a neurotoxin and can cause dizziness and headaches. Benzene is a known carcinogen. |
| Burning candles may cause cancer | Burning scented candles may cause cancer-causing exposures through wax and wicks. |
| Burning candles may not be harmful | Scientific opinion is mixed. Some studies suggest an association between candle burning and bladder cancer. However, there is no definitive research that exposure to candle smoke increases the risk of developing any health condition. |
| Burning candles release particulate matter | Soot, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) |
| Burning candles may cause allergies | Some people may be allergic to scented candles |
| Burning candles may cause respiratory issues | Burning candles can cause respiratory issues, especially in people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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What You'll Learn
Burning candles releases hydrocarbons, which may be harmful
Some of the VOCs emitted by candles include toluene, benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toluene is a neurotoxin that can cause dizziness, headaches, and more serious effects at prolonged exposure levels. Benzene and formaldehyde are known carcinogens, and exposure to high levels of these chemicals can increase the risk of cancer. In addition, the particulate matter (soot) released from burning candles can irritate the lungs and aggravate respiratory problems.
However, the scientific community is divided on whether the emissions from burning candles are harmful to human health. While some studies have found that candle emissions can contribute to poor air quality and increase the risk of inhalational exposure to chemicals of concern, others argue that the concentrations of these chemicals are too low to pose a significant health risk.
It is important to note that the potential harm from burning candles may depend on various factors, including the number of candles burned, the size of the space, ventilation, and proximity to the fumes. For individuals with respiratory issues or chronic lung conditions, it is advisable to be mindful of the levels of air pollution in their homes and ensure proper ventilation when burning candles.
To minimize potential risks, it is recommended to choose candles made from natural sources, such as palm stearin, beeswax, or plant-based waxes, as these options release fewer toxins and less soot. Burning candles in well-ventilated spaces and trimming the wicks can also help reduce the potential concentration of emissions.
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Scented candles may emit toxins even when unlit
Scented candles are extremely popular, with sales increasing by 30% in the US since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a concern that burning candles may be harmful to health.
When you burn a candle, you release hydrocarbons—chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon—into the air. In particular, burning candles release trace quantities of toluene and benzene. Toluene is commonly used in paint thinners and adhesives and exposure can irritate the eyes, nose, throat and skin, as well as causing headaches, dizziness, confusion and anxiety. Benzene is a known carcinogen, increasing the risk of leukaemia and other blood cancers.
Some candles may emit toxins even when unlit. A 2005 study by the University of South Florida showed that paraffin candles emit low levels of benzene even when not lit. An April 2015 study also found that candles may emit toxins when unlit, although the air concentrations of VOCs found were insignificant when compared with levels previously deemed unsafe.
Other research suggests that burning scented candles can release VOCs such as formaldehyde, which may increase cancer risk. However, the amount released is less than half the recommended limit set by the World Health Organisation (WHO).
The National Candle Association states that paraffin is the most commonly used candle wax today, and this may increase exposure to harmful chemicals. However, candles made from natural waxes such as beeswax, soy, palm wax, stearin and coconut wax may release fewer harmful chemicals.
To minimise the risk, candles should be burned in a well-ventilated space.
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Candles made from natural sources are safer
Burning candles releases hydrocarbons into the air, including toluene, benzene, and formaldehyde. While there is no definitive research that exposure to candle smoke increases the risk of developing health conditions, these chemicals are associated with dizziness, headaches, shortness of breath, coughing, and confusion. Benzene, a known carcinogen, is particularly concerning as it is emitted by forest fires, volcanoes, and burning coal or oil.
Candles made from natural sources, such as palm stearin, beeswax, soy wax, or other plant-based waxes, are safer and healthier options. These natural candles release fewer dangerous chemicals and less soot, providing a cleaner burn. They are also more environmentally friendly and sustainable, often with natural waxes, clean-burning wicks, and pure essential oils.
Beeswax candles, for example, can purify the air and prevent allergies or headaches. Soy wax candles offer a strong and consistent scent, while also being a renewable and natural option. Coconut wax is another natural alternative, providing a cleaner burn and fewer harmful byproducts.
When choosing candles, opt for those made from natural, plant-based waxes to minimize the potential negative health effects of burning candles. These candles are crafted without toxins and provide a promise of purity for conscious homes. Additionally, ensure proper ventilation when burning any type of candle to minimize the smoke you breathe in.
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Burning candles indoors may cause cancer
Burning candles is a common practice in many households, often for decorative or aromatic purposes. However, recent concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with their use, particularly regarding the possibility of indoor candle burning causing cancer.
The debate surrounding the safety of burning candles primarily centres on the release of chemicals and particulate matter into the air. Candles made from paraffin wax, a petroleum byproduct, are of particular concern. When burned, paraffin wax releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde, which are known carcinogens. These chemicals can accumulate in the blood and eventually be excreted through the bladder, leading to a potential link with bladder cancer. Additionally, the soot produced by burning paraffin wax can contain harmful concentrations of pollutants, including formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.
While the scientific community is divided on the definitive health impacts of burning candles, some studies have detected the presence of cancer-causing chemicals in candle emissions. The concentration of these chemicals is typically very low, and the indoor air pollution generated by candles is considered significantly less than that produced by sources such as wood-burning fireplaces or stoves. Furthermore, the use of candles in well-ventilated spaces can further reduce the potential risks associated with their use.
It is worth noting that not all candles are equal in terms of potential toxicity. Candles made from natural sources, such as palm stearin, beeswax, or soy wax, tend to release fewer dangerous chemicals and less soot. Additionally, the proper use of candles, including trimming wicks and choosing reputable brands, can also minimize potential risks.
While the evidence suggests that occasional use of scented candles is unlikely to have carcinogenic effects, frequent burning of certain types of candles, especially those containing paraffin wax, may increase the risk of cancer. Vulnerable individuals, such as those with respiratory issues or chronic lung conditions, should be particularly mindful of their candle usage and opt for well-ventilated spaces to minimize potential exposure to harmful pollutants.
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Candle alternatives: beeswax, vegetable-based, or soy waxes
When considering candle alternatives, it's important to look for options that burn cleanly and are made from natural, sustainable sources. Here are some candle alternatives to consider:
Beeswax Candles: Beeswax candles are a natural, non-toxic alternative to traditional candles. They are made from the wax produced by honey bees and have a long burn time, making them a cost-effective choice. Beeswax candles burn with a bright, warm flame and produce a subtle, honey-like scent. They are also known for their air-purifying properties, as they emit negative ions that can help remove pollutants from the air. When shopping for beeswax candles, look for those made from pure beeswax with no added paraffin or other fillers.
Vegetable-Based Candles: Vegetable-based candles are made from sustainable and renewable sources, such as soy, palm, or coconut wax. These candles often have a lower melting point than paraffin candles, which means they burn more slowly and can last longer. Vegetable-based candles come in a variety of scents and colours, and many are made with essential oils and natural dyes. When choosing vegetable-based candles, opt for those made with organic, non-GMO ingredients and avoid those that contain artificial fragrances or colours.
Soy Wax Candles: Soy wax candles are another popular alternative to paraffin candles. Soy wax is made from hydrogenated soybean oil and is a renewable and biodegradable resource. Soy wax candles tend to have a cleaner and slower burn than paraffin candles, and they are often more cost-effective. When shopping for soy wax candles, look for those made with pure soy wax and free of additives or paraffin blends.
In addition to these candle alternatives, you can also consider using essential oil diffusers, LED flameless candles, or even investing in a fireplace to create a cozy and relaxing atmosphere without the potential risks associated with traditional candles. Remember to always practise candle safety, regardless of the type of candle you choose, and ensure proper ventilation in your space.
By choosing beeswax, vegetable-based, or soy wax candles, you can enjoy a cozy atmosphere while also making a healthier choice for yourself and the environment. These candle alternatives offer a more natural and sustainable option that doesn't compromise on style or ambiance. Be sure to explore the variety of options available and select those that best suit your preferences and lifestyle.
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Frequently asked questions
No definitive research shows that exposure to candle smoke increases your risk of developing any health condition. However, candles do release hydrocarbons and toxins into the air, including benzene, a known carcinogen.
Candles made from paraffin wax are the most controversial. Burning paraffin wax releases carbon dioxide and other harmful substances such as benzene and formaldehyde.
Candles made from 100% beeswax, vegetable-based waxes, or soy waxes are non-toxic alternatives.
Burning candles in well-ventilated spaces can reduce the potential concentration of emissions, significantly lowering the risk. Trimming candle wicks to ⅛ of an inch can also reduce soot.
Scented candles may be carcinogenic due to the use of fragrance oils, but laboratory-made fragrance oils may not be harmful. Occasional use of scented candles is unlikely to have carcinogenic effects.
