Jessie Taylor
Candles are a popular choice for creating a cosy atmosphere, but are they harmful to our health? Candle wax is considered non-poisonous, but swallowing it may cause a blockage in the intestines. Burning candles can increase air pollution and release harmful chemicals, such as phthalates, heavy metals, and petroleum. Paraffin wax, in particular, has been associated with indoor air pollution and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like benzene and toluene, which are known to be harmful. Natural alternatives like beeswax and soy wax are cleaner-burning options that produce fewer microparticles linked to respiratory issues and lung cancer. While occasional candle burning is unlikely to cause significant harm, certain candle ingredients and scents may have negative health effects with repeated exposure.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Are candles poisonous? | Candle wax is considered non-poisonous, but swallowing it may cause a blockage in the intestines. |
| Poisoning symptoms | Symptoms may include a rash or blistering of the skin, or swelling, tearing or redness of the eyes. |
| Poisoning treatment | Call your local emergency number or your local poison control center. The person may receive a laxative to help the wax move quickly through the stomach and intestines. |
| Toxic candle types | Candles made of paraffin wax, gel, and soy wax are considered toxic. |
| Non-toxic candle types | Beeswax candles, vegetable-based waxes, and coconut waxes are considered non-toxic. |
| Toxic candle ingredients | Phthalates, heavy metals, and petroleum. |
| Non-toxic candle ingredients | Pure essential oils, organic oils, and plant-based oils. |
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What You'll Learn
Paraffin wax candles may be toxic
There is a lot of debate surrounding the toxicity of paraffin wax candles. Paraffin wax is a hard, translucent substance derived from a mixture of solid straight-chain hydrocarbons. It has a melting point ranging from 120° to 150°F. Paraffin wax is a petroleum byproduct, created during the process of refining crude oil into fuels like gasoline. This means it is made from a portion of petroleum that might otherwise be discarded.
Paraffin wax candles are a leading cause of indoor air pollution, according to the EPA. Studies, including one from South Carolina State University, have shown that the combustion process of paraffin candles releases harmful chemicals such as toluene, benzene, and formaldehyde—which are linked to various health issues such as respiratory irritation, allergies, and even cancer. Burning paraffin candles in unventilated spaces increases the risk of exposure to these chemicals.
However, it is important to note that the toxicity of paraffin wax may depend on the level of refinement. Fully refined paraffin wax is highly purified and non-toxic, and studies have shown that paraffin candles made with fully refined paraffin are no more "toxic" than candles made with other waxes. The combustion byproducts of well-made candles of all major wax types (paraffin, soy, stearin, and beeswax) are virtually identical in composition and quantity, with all emissions levels registering far below any applicable indoor-air standards.
While the typical use of scented candles is unlikely to be harmful, it is recommended to avoid burning paraffin or gel candles if possible and opt for vegetable-based waxes such as soy, coconut, or beeswax for a greener and potentially healthier alternative. Essential oils can also be used as a non-toxic alternative to scented candles, providing similar aromatherapy benefits.
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Safer alternatives to paraffin candles
While the use of candles made from paraffin wax is common, there are growing concerns about their potential health and environmental hazards. Paraffin wax is a byproduct of petroleum refining, and burning it can release harmful chemicals like volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, and other toxins, contributing to indoor air pollution. These toxins may lead to adverse health effects such as headaches, nasal congestion, and allergies.
Beeswax Candles
Beeswax candles are a natural, non-toxic alternative to paraffin candles. They are made from beeswax, a natural wax produced by honeybees, and typically have a mild, pleasant scent. Beeswax candles burn cleaner and produce fewer harmful byproducts than paraffin candles, making them a healthier option. They are also known to have a longer burn time and a brighter, warmer flame.
Soy Candles
Soy candles are made from soy wax, which is derived from soybeans. Soy wax is a natural, renewable resource that burns cleaner than paraffin wax and is biodegradable. Soy candles are known for their long-lasting burn and eco-friendly properties. They are often scented with essential oils, providing a natural fragrance without the use of synthetic chemicals.
Coconut Wax Candles
Coconut wax candles are another natural alternative to paraffin candles. Coconut wax is derived from coconut oil and has a high melting point, resulting in a slower, longer-lasting burn. Coconut wax candles typically have a creamy texture and a subtle natural scent. Like beeswax and soy candles, they produce fewer harmful byproducts, making them a safer option for your home.
Essential Oils
If you're looking for an alternative to scented paraffin candles, essential oils offer a natural and therapeutic option. Essential oils are derived from plants and have been used for hundreds of years for their aromatic and therapeutic properties. They can be used in diffusers or blended to create custom scents, providing a safe and beneficial aromatherapy experience. However, it is important to use essential oils with caution, especially around children, pets, and pregnant individuals.
Vegetable-Based Waxes
Vegetable-based waxes, such as those made from soy, coconut, or other vegetable oils, are becoming increasingly popular as candle alternatives. These waxes are natural, biodegradable, and produce less harmful byproducts during burning. They are often labelled as "vegetable wax" or "plant-based wax" and offer a greener choice for consumers concerned about the environmental impact of their candle purchases.
Making the switch to non-toxic candles is a simple step towards creating a healthier and more sustainable living environment. These alternatives offer cleaner-burning options that prioritize health, well-being, and a reduction in indoor air pollution.
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Candle wax ingestion
While candles are not considered to be poisonous per se, candle wax poisoning can occur from the ingestion of candle wax. This can be caused by the toxic compounds and synthetic chemicals/colours added to candles. The toxicity of candle wax is determined by the type of wax and the dyes and scents added. Paraffin wax, for example, is considered more problematic than natural waxes due to its potential negative impact on the digestive system. In serious cases, it can result in intestinal obstruction.
The signs and symptoms of candle wax poisoning vary from person to person and can range from mild to severe. Some possible symptoms include vomiting, stomach pain, and abdominal pain. If you suspect candle wax poisoning, it is important to call a poison control centre and seek medical attention. Providing details such as the compound taken, the quantity ingested, and the time of ingestion can help medical professionals provide the appropriate treatment.
The prognosis of candle wax poisoning is generally good, and early recovery is common with appropriate medication and early support. However, it is still important to take it seriously and seek help as soon as possible. In most cases, simply cleaning the mouth with a soft, wet cloth and drinking water can help nullify the impact of candle wax if the ingestion was minor.
To prevent candle wax poisoning, it is recommended to avoid ingesting candle wax altogether. While natural wax candles are considered safer than those made with paraffin or gel wax, they can still contain dyes and scents that can be problematic when ingested. Therefore, it is always best to avoid consuming candle wax, regardless of its advertised safety.
Overall, while candle wax poisoning is typically not a serious condition, it is important to be cautious and seek medical attention if needed. The key to managing candle wax poisoning is early intervention and proper treatment.
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Candles and indoor air pollution
Candles are a source of indoor air pollution. Burning candles emit small particles and gases that can pollute indoor air. These particles and gases include hydrocarbons, soot, and ultrafine particles. While the impact of these emissions on health is debated within the medical and scientific communities, it is known that without proper ventilation, exposure to these particles can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, and anxiety.
Some candles are worse than others. Paraffin wax candles, which are derived from petroleum, release some of the same carcinogenic chemicals as diesel fuel, including benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. Scented candles, in particular, are worse than unscented candles, as the synthetic fragrance they contain creates more soot.
There are non-toxic alternatives to paraffin wax candles, such as beeswax candles, soy candles, and vegetable-based waxes. These candles are made from natural ingredients and do not release toxic pollutants. Additionally, candle warmers and essential oil diffusers can fill your space with pleasant scents without the same level of indoor air pollution.
While candles can contribute to indoor air pollution, the science does not suggest that we should stop buying and burning candles entirely. According to Dr. Sobia Farooq, a pulmonologist, there is "no imminent danger" associated with burning candles, as long as you invest in high-quality candles and keep them in well-ventilated areas.
Overall, while candles can contribute to indoor air pollution, the level of risk they pose to most people's health is low, especially when compared to other everyday activities such as indoor cooking. However, it is important to be mindful of the potential risks and take steps to mitigate them, such as choosing non-toxic candles and ensuring proper ventilation.
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Natural scents and allergies
While candles can be a great way to create a cosy atmosphere or cover up unpleasant odours, some people may experience allergies or irritation from the fragrances they emit. Natural fragrances derived from plants, such as essential oils, have been used for hundreds of years and can provide aromatherapy benefits. However, just because something is natural does not mean it is safe. Essential oils, for example, can be poisonous if ingested or aspirated and should be kept away from children and pets.
Fragrance allergies are a type of abnormal immune reaction to ordinarily harmless substances in fragranced products. These allergies can develop over time, and once an allergy develops, it is typically a lifelong condition. Fragrance allergies usually cause symptoms such as an itchy rash on the skin, but they can also irritate the airways directly, leading to sneezing and sniffling. While doctors cannot test for fragrance allergies, individuals can do some detective work to identify their triggers and limit exposure.
To reduce the risk of allergic reactions, individuals can use natural cleaners with mild scents, such as baking soda or white vinegar, or invest in air purifiers with HEPA filters to reduce aerosolized chemicals and allergens in the air. When it comes to candles, beeswax and soy candles are considered safer and greener alternatives to paraffin or gel candles, which are petroleum byproducts. Vegetable-based waxes are also becoming more common and provide a greener option for consumers.
It is important to note that even products labelled ""unscented" or "fragrance-free" may still contain masking fragrances to cover up offensive odours. For those with sensitive skin, hypoallergenic perfumes formulated with natural and botanical ingredients, such as essential oils and floral extracts, can provide a fragrance experience without irritation. These perfumes often contain fewer synthetic ingredients and focus on gentle, natural components.
Overall, while candles and fragrances can enhance our enjoyment of our living spaces, it is important to be mindful of their potential impact on our health and the environment. By choosing natural scents wisely and being aware of our unique allergy triggers, we can minimise any negative effects and create a comfortable and healthy home.
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Frequently asked questions
Candle wax is considered non-poisonous, but swallowing it may cause a blockage in the intestines. However, candles can release harmful chemicals into the air, and the scent or colour ingredients can cause allergic reactions in some people.
Scented candles can release harmful chemicals into the air, such as phthalates, heavy metals, and petroleum. These chemicals can cause respiratory issues and other long-term health conditions like heart disease or cancer.
Even unscented candles can increase air pollution and release harmful chemicals when burned. However, scented candles often contain additional chemicals that can be irritating or harmful.
Beeswax and soy candles are natural, sustainable alternatives to traditional paraffin or gel wax candles, which are petroleum byproducts. Vegetable-based waxes, such as coconut wax, are also greener options that are becoming more widely available.
Pure, organic essential oils can be used as a non-toxic alternative to scented candles, providing similar aromatherapy benefits. However, essential oils should be used with caution, as some can be poisonous if absorbed through the skin or inhaled. It is important to consult a qualified aromatherapist or a reliable reference before using essential oils.
