Tyler Brooks
Candles are a popular choice for creating a cosy atmosphere and infusing living spaces with pleasant aromas. However, there are concerns about their potential toxicity and impact on health and the environment. While candle wax is considered non-poisonous, candle poisoning can occur if someone swallows candle wax, causing a blockage in the intestines. The biggest issues with candles are the use of petroleum-based wax and air pollution. Paraffin wax, a common candle ingredient, is a petroleum byproduct that releases harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when burned, including known carcinogens like benzene and toluene. These emissions can degrade indoor air quality and expose individuals to pollutants, potentially leading to respiratory issues and long-term health conditions. Even unscented candles can increase air pollution, and scented candles often contain harmful chemicals like phthalates, heavy metals, and petroleum. Natural alternatives like beeswax and soy wax are safer options, burning more cleanly and producing fewer microparticles linked to respiratory issues and cancer. While essential oils are a natural alternative, they should be used with caution as they can also be poisonous if absorbed through the skin or inhaled.
Are candles poisonous?
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Candle wicks containing lead | In 2003, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned the sale and manufacture of candles with lead wicks. Australia was the first country to implement this ban. |
| Health risks | Burning candles release hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and phthalates into the air. However, the amount released is not enough to pose a significant health risk, especially in well-ventilated spaces. |
| Fire risks | Candles can lead to fires and smoke inhalation, which can be life-threatening. An average of 20 home candle fires are reported daily in the United States. |
| Allergic reactions | Scented candles can trigger allergic reactions and asthma attacks in certain individuals. |
| Alternative options | Beeswax, soy wax, and other plant-based waxes are considered safer alternatives to paraffin wax candles. Ghee and oil lamps, flameless candles, and wax melts are also suggested as less toxic options. |
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What You'll Learn
Are candles toxic when burned?
There is some debate about whether candles are toxic when burned. While some people claim that candles release potentially harmful toxins, others argue that candles do not contain enough toxins to pose a significant health threat. It is important to note that any type of smoke or combustion product can increase air pollution and potentially release harmful chemicals. However, the risk from burning candles is probably less than you think.
The type of wax and the presence of artificial fragrances or colourants can affect the toxicity of candles. Candles made from paraffin wax, which is derived from petroleum, have been found to release potentially dangerous chemicals such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates. Exposure to these chemicals has been linked to headaches, shortness of breath, and coughing, and in the case of benzene, a known carcinogen, blood disorders and respiratory irritation. The risk of toxic emissions is greater when candles are scented or dyed, as artificial fragrances can also contain VOCs and phthalates, which have been linked to various health problems.
However, it's important to note that few studies on candle emissions and their potential effects on human health exist, and the conclusions from existing research are mixed. While some studies have shown that burning candles contribute to poor air quality, an older 2014 study found that the amount of particulate matter released from burning candles is not enough to cause health problems in humans. Additionally, natural candles made from beeswax, soy wax, or other plant-based waxes are considered healthier alternatives that release fewer toxins.
To minimize the potential risks associated with burning candles, it is recommended to burn candles in a well-ventilated area, keep them away from drafts, and trim the wicks regularly. It is also worth considering alternative sources of light or fragrance, such as flameless candles, wax melts, or smoke-free lamps. While there may be some health concerns associated with burning candles, the overall risk is relatively low, especially when candles are burned responsibly and in well-ventilated spaces.
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Are candle scents toxic?
There is a lot of discussion around the potential dangers of burning candles, scented or not. While there is no conclusive evidence that scented candles are more dangerous than their unscented counterparts, some people experience negative health effects from scented candles, such as allergic reactions and asthma attacks.
The primary concern with candle burning is the release of chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates, which can be harmful at high doses. These chemicals are released from the candle wax and the wick. In the case of scented candles, the fragrance can also be a source of harmful chemicals. One such chemical is limonene, which is toxic at high levels, regardless of whether it is naturally derived or synthetically produced.
Paraffin wax, which is derived from petroleum, is a common candle ingredient that has been linked to the release of potentially dangerous chemicals, including VOCs and phthalates. However, it is important to note that not all paraffin candles are equally harmful, and the specific composition of the candle can vary. For example, some candles may contain dyes or other additives that can affect the toxicity of the candle.
To minimize potential health risks, it is recommended to choose candles made from natural sources, such as beeswax, soy wax, or other plant-based waxes. These candles tend to release fewer harmful chemicals and are renewable and environmentally friendly alternatives. Additionally, ensuring proper ventilation when burning candles can help reduce the concentration of harmful chemicals in the air.
While there may be some valid concerns about the toxicity of candle scents, the overall risk to health is likely minimal when candles are used occasionally and in well-ventilated spaces. However, it is always important to be cautious and make informed choices when selecting and burning candles.
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Are candle wicks toxic?
Candle wicks can be toxic, depending on their composition. In the past, candle wicks with a lead core were common, but these were banned in 2003 due to concerns about lead poisoning, especially in children. While candle wicks today are less likely to be toxic, they may still contain metallic cores of zinc or tin, which pose similar, albeit lesser, concerns to lead-core wicks.
To ensure the safest burning experience, it is recommended to use candles with wicks made from natural materials, such as 100% cotton, hemp, or wood. These natural wicks burn cleaner and are less likely to produce excessive smoke. However, even with natural wicks, it is important to trim the wick to a length of about a quarter of an inch to promote a slow and even burn and to reduce smoking.
Some candle wicks may be marketed as natural but still contain synthetic materials that can be harmful when burnt and inhaled. This is due to a lack of ingredient disclosure, as wick suppliers and candle makers are not required to specify the type of wax coating used on the wicks. As such, it is important to choose candles from companies that disclose all their ingredients and have third-party certification to ensure the product is truly non-toxic.
While the potential health risks of candle wicks have been discussed, it is important to note that the overall risk to health is minimal, especially when candles are burned in well-ventilated spaces. The biggest concern with candles is the risk of fire and smoke inhalation, which can be life-threatening or result in lifelong disabilities. Therefore, it is crucial to follow fire safety precautions and properly maintain and use candles to minimize potential hazards.
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Are candles harmful if swallowed?
Candles are made out of wax, typically beeswax, paraffin wax, or plant-based wax. They may also contain dyes and essential oils to add colour and fragrance. While candle wax is considered non-poisonous, swallowing it can be harmful. If a large amount of candle wax is ingested, it may cause a blockage in the intestines. This risk particularly applies to children, who may be tempted to bite or scratch off pieces of wax. In such cases, it is recommended to wipe out the mouth with a soft, wet cloth and give the child water to drink.
In addition to the risks associated with swallowing candle wax, there are also concerns about the potential hazards of burning candles. Some claim that burning candles releases potentially harmful toxins, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates, which can cause headaches, shortness of breath, and coughing. However, there is no definitive research proving that exposure to candle smoke increases the risk of developing health conditions. It is generally advised to burn candles in a well-ventilated area and to choose candles made from natural sources, such as beeswax, soy wax, or palm wax, which are believed to release fewer emissions and less soot.
Another potential concern is the presence of lead in candle wicks. While most American manufacturers stopped using lead wicks in the 1970s, it was not banned by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) until 2003. Today, most metal-cored wicks use zinc or zinc alloys, which are considered safer. To further minimise potential risks, it is recommended to trim wicks to a length of 5 to 10 millimetres, avoid burning candles in drafty areas, and opt for candles with paper-core, cotton, or wood wicks.
While the risks associated with swallowing candle wax and burning candles may be relatively low, it is always important to seek medical advice in the event of exposure. If you or someone you know has swallowed candle wax, call your local emergency number or poison control centre for guidance.
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Are candles a source of air pollution?
Candles are a source of air pollution, as they release chemicals and particles into the air when burned. However, the extent of the pollution and its impact on human health are subjects of debate. Some sources claim that the pollution from candles is minimal and unlikely to significantly affect one's health, especially when compared to other sources of air pollution in daily life, such as car exhaust and factory emissions. On the other hand, some studies have found that burning candles, especially those made of paraffin wax, release potentially harmful chemicals such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates.
Types of Candles and Their Effects
The type of candle can also make a difference in the amount and type of pollution produced. For example, scented candles have been the subject of concern, with some claiming that they release harmful chemicals into the air. However, research suggests that typical use of scented candles does not expose individuals to doses of these chemicals that are considered harmful. Additionally, there is no conclusive evidence that scented candles pose a greater risk than unscented ones.
Natural Alternatives
To minimize the potential impact on air quality and personal health, some people opt for natural alternatives to traditional paraffin candles. Beeswax, soy wax, and other plant-based waxes are considered safer options by some. These natural candles are said to release fewer and less dangerous chemicals, and they may also burn at lower temperatures, resulting in reduced combustion byproducts. However, it is important to note that even natural candles can produce pollutants, and the “dose makes the poison."
Reducing Risks
While candles may contribute to air pollution, there are ways to minimize their potential impact on your health and the environment:
- Choose candles wisely: Opt for natural, non-toxic candles made from beeswax, soy wax, or plant-based waxes. Avoid paraffin candles, as they are derived from petroleum and release potentially harmful chemicals.
- Burn responsibly: Avoid burning candles in drafty areas, and ensure proper ventilation in the room. Keep wicks trimmed to a length of 5 to 10 millimeters.
- Explore alternatives: Consider flameless candles, oil lamps, or wax melts for a safer alternative to open flames.
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Frequently asked questions
Candle wax is considered non-poisonous, but swallowing it may cause a blockage in the intestines. However, candles can release harmful chemicals into the air, particularly when made from paraffin wax. These chemicals can cause respiratory issues and, in the long term, heart disease or cancer.
Soy, beeswax, and vegetable-based waxes are all alternatives to paraffin wax. However, some sources suggest that soy candles are not much better than paraffin wax candles, and may produce more of certain compounds. Beeswax candles are widely considered to be the safest option.
Scents are often added to candles using phthalates, which are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Exposure to these can cause developmental issues in children and fertility issues in adults. Natural scents are often obtained unsustainably, and synthetic scents are produced using chemical processes that cause pollution.
Pure, organic essential oils can be used instead of scented candles. However, these should be stored away from children and pets and used with caution around pregnant people.
