Chloe Adams
Candles are a popular way to create a cosy atmosphere and fill our homes with comforting fragrances. However, they can also negatively impact our health and the environment. Burning candles release chemicals and pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that can cause respiratory issues and, in the long term, heart disease or cancer. The type of candle also matters—paraffin candles, for example, are made from petroleum and release toxins, while soy and beeswax candles are considered healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Candles release chemicals | Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, black carbon, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitrous oxide |
| Candles can worsen indoor air quality | Burning candles can release pollutants and microscopic particles |
| Candles may cause respiratory issues | Symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, or an itchy throat |
| Candles may contain toxic metals | Lead and zinc in wicks, although lead wicks have been banned in the US since 2003 |
| Candles may contain harmful chemicals | Phthalates, heavy metals, and petroleum |
| Non-toxic candle alternatives | Beeswax, soy, coconut, and other plant-based waxes |
| Ways to reduce candle smoke | Trim wicks, use a candle snuffer or dip wick in wax, ventilate the room |
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What You'll Learn
Scented candles and VOCs
Scented candles are known to release various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are carbon compounds that can easily turn into gases at room temperature. VOCs are emitted from many candles and can negatively impact indoor air quality and human health. VOCs in candles can originate from the wax, fragrance, and wicks, with common VOCs including formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and acetaldehyde. These compounds are linked to health issues such as headaches, irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat, nausea, and potential long-term issues like heart disease, lung problems, and cancer.
A 2015 study by South Korean researchers found that scented candles released VOCs both before and after being lit, emphasizing their role as potent sources of VOC emissions indoors. Another study from 2014 examined the amount of particulate matter released from burning candles and found that the amount was insufficient to cause health problems in humans. However, it is important to note that the study was peer-reviewed but conducted by scientists affiliated with candle manufacturers.
To minimize the potential health risks associated with scented candles and VOCs, it is recommended to opt for candles made from natural sources, such as beeswax, soy wax, or other plant-based waxes. These alternatives produce less soot and toxic chemicals than paraffin wax candles, which are derived from petroleum. Additionally, proper wick selection, wick trimming, and burning candles in well-ventilated areas can help reduce indoor air pollution and potential health risks.
While the release of VOCs from scented candles is a concern, it is important to note that VOCs are also present in other aspects of daily life, such as car exhaust and factory pollution. As such, burning scented candles may contribute to overall VOC exposure, but it is not the sole source. Proper ventilation and informed choices about candle ingredients can help create a healthier living environment.
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Candle wicks and heavy metals
Candle wicks have historically been made with metal cores to add rigidity to otherwise limp cotton, aiding the manufacturing process. The metals used in these cores have included lead, zinc, and tin.
In 2003, the use of lead in candle wicks was banned in the US due to concerns that the fumes could cause lead poisoning, especially in children. However, zinc and tin core wicks are still used today, and while they contain very low levels of lead, it is important to note that some lead may still be released into the air when these candles are burned. This airborne lead can be inhaled and deposited onto surfaces, potentially exposing children and others in the household to the metal.
To avoid the potential risks associated with metal-cored wicks, consumers can choose candles with wicks made from pure cotton or wood. These alternatives do not contain metal and therefore do not release lead or other heavy metals into the air when burned.
In addition to the potential risks associated with metal-cored wicks, it is worth noting that candles can also release other harmful chemicals and pollutants into the air, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter. These emissions can degrade indoor air quality and expose occupants to pollutants that may lead to or exacerbate respiratory issues and other long-term health conditions. To minimize these risks, it is recommended to opt for candles made from natural, plant-based waxes, such as beeswax, soy, or coconut wax, and to ensure proper ventilation when burning candles.
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Paraffin candles and toxins
Burning candles can release hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, which may cause harm to human health. While there is no definitive scientific evidence that candles are harmful, some candles are better than others.
Paraffin wax is a leading cause of indoor air pollution, according to the EPA. It is derived from petroleum, a by-product of gasoline production, and is used by many candle manufacturers due to its practicality and cost-effectiveness. Paraffin candles have been found to release harmful chemicals into the air when burned, including substances like benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde, which have been linked to health issues such as respiratory irritation, allergies, and even cancer.
A 2015 study by university-affiliated researchers in South Korea found that scented candles release VOCs both before and while being lit, concluding that they "should act as potent sources of VOC emission in indoor environments". Exposure to VOCs can cause headaches, eye, nose, or throat irritation, nausea, and even damage to the liver, kidneys, or central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or proven carcinogens.
A 2014 study in Evolutionary Psychology found that even looking at a recording of a fire can induce physical and mental relaxation, which may explain why so many people enjoy burning candles. However, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with paraffin candles and take steps to minimize exposure to harmful chemicals.
To reduce the risk of indoor air pollution and exposure to toxins, it is recommended to choose candles made from natural, sustainable waxes like beeswax, coconut, or soy, which produce less soot and are free of harmful chemicals. These waxes are also biodegradable and made from renewable resources, reducing their environmental footprint.
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Soy candles and health
Candles are a popular choice for infusing our living spaces with pleasant aromas and creating a cosy atmosphere. However, burning candles can release harmful chemicals, which may negatively impact our health.
Soy candles have gained popularity as a healthier, more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional paraffin wax candles. Soy wax is a natural, biodegradable material derived from soybeans, a renewable resource. When burned, soy wax candles emit significantly less soot and harmful chemicals like toluene and benzene, which are linked to cancer and respiratory issues. This makes them a healthier option, especially for those with allergies, asthma, or sensitivities to air quality.
However, it is important to consider that soy is a hydrogenated oil processed with heavy metals, and 96% of soybeans are genetically modified and farmed with pesticides. The addition of palm oil to stabilize the wax in warm weather has also been linked to deforestation and environmental harm. Therefore, while soy candles may be a healthier alternative to paraffin wax, they are not without their potential drawbacks.
To minimize the health risks associated with burning candles, it is recommended to opt for candles made from organic essential oils and natural dyes derived from plants, fruits, and vegetables. Additionally, ensuring proper ventilation and following candle care guidelines, such as trimming the wick and avoiding burning candles in drafty areas, can help reduce the potential negative impact on your health.
While soy candles offer a cleaner-burning option, it is important to remember that any candle, regardless of its wax type, can release chemicals when burned. Therefore, moderation and proper use are crucial to enjoying candles safely.
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Beeswax candles and non-toxicity
Candles are a popular choice for creating a cosy atmosphere and infusing our living spaces with pleasant aromas. However, there are concerns about the potential negative health effects of burning certain types of candles. The biggest issues with candles are petroleum-based wax and air pollution. Candles made from paraffin wax, for example, are derived from petroleum, a by-product of gasoline production.
Beeswax candles are a natural, renewable, non-toxic, and clean-burning alternative to paraffin wax candles. They are known to clean the air of allergens, pollutants, and bacteria. When lit, they release negative ions into the air, which attach to positively-charged particles like dust and bacteria, neutralising them as they fall to the floor. Beeswax candles are also less likely to cause health problems associated with extended exposure to particulate matter, such as heart and lung problems.
Beeswax candles are free from harmful chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, heavy metals, and petroleum. They are also less likely to contain toxic metals in their wicks, as they typically use pure cotton or wood wicks. This makes them a safer choice for people who suffer from allergies, asthma, or headaches.
Some companies, such as Aire Candle Co., Fontana Candle Co., and Arctic Wicks, specialise in producing handmade, non-toxic beeswax candles. These candles often use natural ingredients such as coconut oil, essential oils, and vegetable waxes, and are free from synthetic chemicals and artificial fragrances. Beeswax candles are also known to have a longer burn time and a cleaner, smoke-free glow.
Overall, beeswax candles are a non-toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative to traditional paraffin or soy wax candles. They provide a safe and enjoyable candle experience while also contributing to a greener planet.
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Frequently asked questions
Burning candles, especially scented ones, can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter, which may have short-term and long-term negative health effects. However, the level of exposure to these compounds from candles is likely not high enough to cause significant harm under normal conditions of use.
Exposure to VOCs and particulate matter from candles may lead to respiratory issues such as asthma or allergies and potentially exacerbate longer-term health conditions like heart disease or cancer. Symptoms may include coughing, sneezing, itchy throat, headaches, eye, nose, or throat irritation, and nausea.
Beeswax, soy, coconut, and other plant-based wax candles are considered safer and greener options than paraffin or gel candles, which are made from petroleum byproducts. These natural candles burn cleaner, producing less soot and fewer airborne toxic chemicals.
To minimize potential health risks, choose candles made from natural, biodegradable materials like beeswax, soy, or coconut wax. Ensure your space is well-ventilated, avoid drafty areas, and trim candle wicks to a length of 5 to 10 millimeters. Additionally, opt for candles with pure cotton or wood wicks to reduce the risk of harmful emissions.
