Brooke Martin
Candles are a popular way to create a relaxing ambiance and are often used in mindfulness practices. However, there has been a growing concern about the potential presence of chemicals in candles and their impact on health. While candle wicks in the United States no longer contain lead, certain candles, particularly those made with paraffin wax, have been found to release chemicals such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates when burned. These chemicals can cause headaches, coughing, and eye and throat irritation. Additionally, the synthetic fragrances and dyes used in scented candles can lead to allergic reactions and release harmful VOCs even at room temperature. To minimize exposure to these chemicals, it is recommended to opt for natural, non-toxic candles made from beeswax or soy wax, which produce less soot and toxic chemicals.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Burning candles releases chemicals | Yes, burning candles releases chemicals such as hydrocarbons, toluene, benzene, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and phthalates. |
| Health risks | Exposure to these chemicals can cause headaches, shortness of breath, coughing, irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat, nausea, and potentially more severe issues like heart and lung problems, and even damage to the liver, kidneys, or central nervous system. |
| Safer alternatives | Beeswax, soy wax, or other plant-based waxes are recommended as they produce less soot and toxic chemicals. |
| Lead wicks | Lead wicks were banned in 2003 due to concerns about lead poisoning, especially in children. |
| Metal-core wicks | Metal-core wicks can contribute to toxic emissions when candles are lit, releasing trace amounts of heavy metals into the air. |
| Ventilation | Burning candles in a well-ventilated area is recommended to minimize potential health risks. |
| Allergic reactions | Scented candles can trigger allergic reactions and skin problems in some individuals. |
| Air pollution | Candles contribute to indoor air pollution, releasing particulate matter and chemicals into the air. |
| Quality | Lower-quality candles emit more particulate matter and chemicals, while higher-quality candles burn off very slowly. |
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What You'll Learn
The dangers of scented candles
While candles play a role in religious traditions and mindfulness practices, with fire being foundational to human life, there are some concerns about the dangers of scented candles.
Firstly, it is important to note that burning candles releases hydrocarbons into the air. These hydrocarbons are chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon, including toluene and benzene. Toluene is commonly found in paint thinners and adhesives, while benzene is also a known human carcinogen, with exposure potentially causing headaches, irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat, and nausea, as well as damage to the liver, kidneys, or central nervous system. A 2005 study published by the University of South Florida found that paraffin wax candles emit low levels of benzene even when they are not lit. A 2015 study by South Korean researchers also found that scented candles release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) both before and after being lit.
Secondly, scented candles can cause allergic reactions and skin problems. The chemicals used to create a pleasing aroma are generally synthetic fragrances and dyes, which give off VOCs even at room temperature. These VOCs can cause allergies, with natural scents also being obtained unsustainably.
Thirdly, lead was once commonly used in cored candle wicks, especially in imported candles. Lead-core wicks release amounts of lead that are hazardous for children and exceed EPA pollution standards for outdoor air. Exposure to high amounts of lead has been linked to hormone disruption, behavioural problems, and learning disabilities. Although lead wicks were banned in the US in 2003, zinc and tin have been used as substitutes, and these metals still release trace amounts of heavy metals into the air when burned.
Lastly, candles can contribute to indoor air pollution, with the combustion process releasing particulate matter that can enter the lungs. While the smoke from burning candles in a well-ventilated area is unlikely to significantly affect health compared to outdoor pollution, it is still advisable to minimise the intake of any type of smoke.
To minimise the risks associated with scented candles, it is recommended to opt for natural, sustainable materials like beeswax and soy wax, which burn more slowly and produce less soot and fewer microparticles associated with breathing problems and lung cancer. Essential oils can also be used as a safer alternative to scent the air.
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Paraffin wax candles and their health impact
Candles have been used for both practical and aesthetic purposes since the Roman era. While candles were originally made from animal fat, paraffin wax, derived from petroleum, has been a common ingredient in candles for many years.
However, burning paraffin wax candles has been associated with several health risks. Studies have shown that burning paraffin wax releases dangerous chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phthalates, benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde. These toxins are linked to various health issues, including eye and respiratory irritation, allergies, headaches, coughing, and even cancer. The risk of exposure to these chemicals is heightened in unventilated spaces, leading to concerns about indoor air pollution.
Additionally, paraffin wax can produce significant soot, resulting in unsightly black marks on candle holders and surrounding areas. This soot contributes to air pollution by releasing carbon emissions and particulate matter, which can have detrimental effects on both the environment and human health.
To promote cleaner indoor air and reduce environmental harm, it is advisable to opt for natural, sustainable wax alternatives. Candles made from coconut, soy, beeswax, or other plant-based waxes are recommended for a healthier and more environmentally friendly experience. These alternatives burn cleaner, produce less soot, and minimise the release of harmful chemicals into the air.
While some sources suggest that soy wax production may also have environmental impacts due to large-scale cultivation and processing, it is important to weigh these considerations against the known health risks associated with paraffin wax candles. Ultimately, the decision rests with the consumer, as different wax blends offer varied results in terms of scent, aesthetics, and burn time.
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Lead-core wicks and their ban
Candles with lead-cored wicks have been banned in the United States since 2003. The ban prohibits the manufacturing, importing, or selling of candles with lead wicks.
The use of lead in candle wicks has been a concern for several decades. In the 1970s, there was a voluntary industry agreement to remove lead from candle wicks. However, this agreement was not effective in preventing the use of lead-cored wicks in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2001, the CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission) was petitioned to ban candle wicks containing lead cores by several organizations, including Public Citizen, the National Apartment Association, and the National Multi Housing Council.
The CPSC conducted an investigation and found that a small percentage of candles sold in recent years still contained lead-cored wicks. These wicks could emit relatively large amounts of lead into the air during burning, posing a risk of lead poisoning, especially to children. Lead poisoning in children is associated with behavioural problems, learning disabilities, hearing issues, and growth retardation.
The ban on lead-cored wicks was implemented to protect consumers, especially children, from the hazards of lead exposure. The ban provides peace of mind that burning certain types of candles will not release dangerous toxins into the air. The CPSC has been working to protect children from lead hazards for over 30 years, and the ban on lead-cored wicks is a part of their ongoing efforts.
While the ban primarily focuses on lead-cored wicks, it is important to note that candles made with other types of wicks, such as cotton, paper, synthetic fibres, and zinc, are available as safe alternatives. Consumers who are unsure about the composition of their candle wicks can contact retailers for more information.
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Natural alternatives to paraffin wax
Burning candles can release chemicals, and there are concerns about the potential negative health effects of burning paraffin wax. Paraffin wax is derived from petroleum, a by-product of gasoline production, and is neither sustainable nor eco-friendly.
Beeswax
Beeswax is a natural alternative to paraffin wax that is commonly used in candles and beauty products. It is more sustainable and provides similar benefits to paraffin wax, including a long burn time. Beeswax candles typically contain natural fragrances and dyes, making them a more eco-friendly option. Beeswax is also hypoallergenic, making it a good choice for people with allergies or sensitive skin. It has a higher melting point than paraffin wax, so it burns more slowly and produces a longer-lasting light source.
Soy Wax
Soy wax is a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to paraffin wax. It is made from hydrogenated soybean oil and is a good option for those seeking vegan products. Soy wax is also less expensive than beeswax and has a lower melting point, making it easier to work with. However, there are some concerns about the sustainability of soy wax, as the production of soybeans can be resource-intensive.
Candelilla Wax
Candelilla wax is a vegan and sustainable alternative to beeswax. It is derived from the leaves of the small candelilla plant, native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. Candelilla wax is a by-product of the plant's resin production and is often used in cosmetics and food coatings. It has a higher melting point than beeswax, making it a good choice for candles or other products that require a harder wax.
Essential Oils
While not a direct replacement for wax, essential oils can be used as a natural alternative to scented candles. Essential oils are derived from plants and have been used for hundreds of years for their aromatic and therapeutic properties. They can be diffused or applied topically (with caution) to provide a natural fragrance in your home. Essential oils offer a wide range of scents and can be blended to create custom aromas.
Other Natural Waxes
In addition to the options above, there are other natural waxes available, such as palm wax, carnauba wax, and stearic acid. These waxes vary in price and properties, and some may be more suitable for specific applications. For example, carnauba wax is often used in cosmetics and food coatings due to its hard texture.
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The impact of candles on indoor air quality
Candles are a source of indoor air pollution. The act of burning candles releases hydrocarbons, chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon, into the air. These hydrocarbons include toluene and benzene, which are known to be toxic. Toluene is commonly found in paint thinners and adhesives, while benzene is a known carcinogen.
However, not all candles produce the same amount of air pollutants. Beeswax and soy wax candles, for instance, have been found to burn at a significantly lower rate and result in less soot than paraffin candles. These candles emit negative ions that cleanse the air and improve overall air quality. Nevertheless, as with any burning process, they do emit carbon dioxide.
To minimize the impact of candles on indoor air quality, it is recommended to choose candles wisely and burn them responsibly. Lower-quality candles emit more particulate matter and chemicals, so opting for higher-quality candles is advisable. Additionally, following candle safety guidelines, such as avoiding burning candles in drafty areas, trimming the wick, and ventilating the room after extinguishing the candle, can help reduce potential negative effects.
While candles can contribute to indoor air pollution, the impact on health is still debated. Some articles claim that the emissions from candles are too tiny to significantly affect health, especially when compared to the daily pollution inhaled from car exhaust and factory pollution. However, others argue that extended exposure to particulate matter and certain VOCs can lead to heart and lung problems and potentially increase the risk of cancer. Therefore, while candles may have a relaxing and ambient effect, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with their use and take appropriate precautions to ensure good indoor air quality.
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Frequently asked questions
Candles can be toxic, depending on their composition. Candles with paraffin wax, synthetic fragrances, and lead-core wicks can emit toxic chemicals such as benzene, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chemicals can cause headaches, coughing, and in some cases, more severe health issues like cancer.
To avoid toxic candles, opt for candles made from natural, sustainable materials like beeswax and soy wax. These candles burn cleaner and produce fewer microparticles associated with breathing problems and lung cancer. Additionally, choose candles with wicks made from cotton or wood, rather than metal, to reduce toxic emissions.
Nontoxic candles can have health benefits. For example, beeswax candles emit negative ions that cleanse and improve air quality. While all candles release carbon dioxide during the burning process, beeswax candles offset this by taking in the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide through the plants used in their ingredients.
