Tyler Brooks
Candles are a popular way to create a cosy atmosphere, but they have been called into question as sources of indoor air pollution. Burning candles releases hydrocarbons, including toluene and benzene, into the air. These chemicals are also found in paint thinners, adhesives, and smoke. While the small amounts released by candles are not a significant health risk to most people, they can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, and anxiety. Candle soot may also include phthalates, lead, zinc, tin, and naphthalene. The biggest danger associated with candles, however, is the risk of fire.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Air pollutants | Yes, candles are a source of indoor air pollution. They emit soot, smoke, and chemicals. |
| Respiratory illness | Burning candles can cause respiratory problems and irritate existing conditions. |
| Hydrocarbons | Candles release hydrocarbons, including toluene and benzene, into the air. |
| Allergies | Soot and fragrances can trigger reactions in people with allergies. |
| Cancer | There is a suggested association between candle burning and bladder cancer due to the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the blood. |
| Fire hazard | Candles are a fire hazard, causing over 7,000 fires per year in the U.S. |
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What You'll Learn
Candles and respiratory illness
There is some debate about whether burning candles is harmful to respiratory health. Candles are a combustion product and therefore contribute to air pollution. Burning candles releases hydrocarbons—chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon—into the air. In particular, burning candles release trace quantities of toluene and benzene. While exposure to small particles in outdoor air has been linked to respiratory issues, the link between candle burning and respiratory events remains unexplored.
Some people claim that candles release potentially harmful toxins, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates. Exposure to these chemicals can cause headaches, shortness of breath, coughing, eye, nose, and throat irritation, as well as skin irritation. However, the amount of particulate matter released from burning candles is not considered enough to cause health problems in humans, and there is little scientific evidence to suggest that candles pose a significant health risk.
A small number of studies have suggested an association between candle burning and bladder cancer, as the volatile organic hydrocarbons accumulate in the blood and are excreted through the bladder. As a result, individuals with bladder cancer may want to limit their exposure to candles. Similarly, people with chronic lung conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should be mindful of the levels of air pollution in their homes.
To minimize any potential risks associated with burning candles, it is recommended to choose candles wisely, burn them responsibly, and follow fire safety precautions. Burning candles in a well-ventilated space can also help reduce potential negative effects.
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Candle emissions and their health effects
Candles are a source of indoor air pollution, releasing hydrocarbons, soot, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. While the impact of candle emissions on human health is debated within the medical and scientific community, there are some identified health risks associated with candle burning.
Firstly, candles release hydrocarbons, including toluene and benzene, into the air. Toluene exposure without proper ventilation can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, and anxiety. Benzene is a known carcinogen, and while the majority of exposure occurs through smoking, candle burning also emits this gas. A small number of studies suggest an association between candle burning and bladder cancer, as the volatile organic hydrocarbons accumulate in the blood and are excreted through the bladder. As a result, individuals with bladder cancer or a history of the disease may want to avoid burning candles.
Secondly, candle burning can aggravate respiratory issues. Candles emit soot, which can contain particles of zinc, tin, and lead, as well as phthalates, toulene, and benzene. These particles can be inhaled, potentially causing or irritating respiratory problems. This is particularly relevant for individuals with chronic lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who need to be mindful of indoor air pollution levels.
Thirdly, scented candles can trigger allergies and reactions in sensitive individuals. The fragrances and soot produced by scented candles can cause allergic reactions, and the smoke released by candles can contain toxic pollutants, similar to tobacco smoke.
Lastly, the increased airtightness of modern homes can intensify the impact of candle emissions on indoor air quality. Well-sealed homes can prevent the dispersal of candle emissions, leading to a buildup of pollutants. However, it is important to note that the primary concern with candles is the risk of fire, with over 7,000 fires per year in the U.S. caused by candles.
While candle burning does release pollutants, the overall health risk to most individuals is considered low. However, it is recommended to choose candles wisely, burn them responsibly, and ensure proper ventilation to mitigate potential health risks.
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The safety of scented candles
Scented candles are a popular way to create a cosy atmosphere, but they can also be a source of indoor air pollution. When candles burn, they release hydrocarbons, including toluene and benzene, into the air. These compounds are also found in paint thinners, adhesives, and smoke. While the small amounts released by candles are not a significant health risk for most people, they can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, and anxiety.
In addition to hydrocarbons, candle burning releases soot, which is a mixture of carbon, aerosolized chemicals, and tar-like substances. Soot can contain particles of zinc, tin, and lead, as well as phthalates, and can be released into the air when the candle is burning and when the flame is extinguished. The fragrances in scented candles can also cause reactions in people with allergies.
The impact of candle burning on health is a topic of debate in the medical and scientific communities. Some studies have suggested an association between candle burning and bladder cancer, as the hydrocarbons accumulate in the blood and are excreted through the bladder. However, the science is not strong enough to suggest that people should stop buying and burning candles altogether. Instead, it is recommended that people with bladder cancer or chronic lung conditions be mindful of the levels of air pollution in their homes.
To minimise the potential risks associated with scented candles, it is important to choose and burn candles wisely. Electric alternatives, such as wax melt warmers and essential oil diffusers, can be used to enjoy fragrances without producing soot or smoke. When burning candles, ensure there is proper ventilation, and be mindful of the number of candles burned and the frequency of burning.
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Candle alternatives
Candles are a source of indoor air pollution. Burning candles release hydrocarbons, such as toluene and benzene, into the air. These compounds can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, as well as headaches, dizziness, confusion, and anxiety. While the small amounts released from candles are not a significant health risk to most people, certain individuals, such as those with chronic lung conditions, may be more susceptible to the effects of indoor air pollution.
Reed Diffusers
Reed diffusers offer a long-lasting alternative to scented candles. They consist of a vessel filled with fragrance oil and thin reeds. The reeds soak up the fragrance and disperse it into the air as the oil evaporates. A 6-ounce reed diffuser can provide fragrance for up to 4 months, while a larger 15-ounce diffuser can last for up to a year.
Electric Warmers
Also known as plate candle warmers, electric warmers melt scented candles from the bottom up, releasing the fragrance without the need for a flame. This method preserves the wax and extends the life of the candle. Electric warmers are a good option for small to medium-sized candles.
Essential Oil Diffusers
Essential oil diffusers allow you to create custom fragrance blends and swap out scents based on your mood. They are a good option for those who want to avoid the potential toxins and chemicals that may be present in scented candles.
Battery-Operated Candles
Battery-operated candles provide the same ambiance as traditional candles without the fire hazard. When paired with a diffuser, they can also be used to create a fragrant atmosphere.
Unscented Beeswax Tea Lights
For a cozy and ambient atmosphere without the toxins, unscented beeswax tea lights in glass vessels can provide the same mood and ambiance as scented candles.
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The primary concern with candles
Candles also release soot, which can contain particles of zinc, tin, and lead, as well as phthalates, toulene, and benzene. Soot can cause respiratory issues, especially for those with existing lung conditions. However, the amount of these pollutants released by candles is very small and is not considered a significant health risk for most people.
To minimize the risks associated with candles, it is important to choose and burn candles wisely. Electric alternatives, such as candle warmers and essential oil diffusers, can be used to avoid the smoke and soot produced by traditional candles. It is also recommended to ensure proper ventilation when burning candles and to be mindful of the overall air quality in your home.
While the science does not suggest that we need to stop using candles, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and take appropriate precautions. For those with bladder cancer or chronic lung conditions, it may be advisable to limit candle use or opt for electric alternatives.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, candles do cause indoor air pollution. All candles, regardless of their wax type, emit soot and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to indoor air pollution.
Burning candles releases hydrocarbons, such as toluene and benzene, into the air. While the small amounts released from a single candle are not a significant health risk for most people, they can cause eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation.
Yes, there are a few alternatives to scented candles that do not produce soot or smoke, such as electric wax warmers, reed and steam diffusers, and essential oil diffusers.
To minimise indoor air pollution and potential health risks, choose your candles wisely, burn them responsibly, and ensure proper ventilation in the space. Avoid burning candles with additional ingredients beyond wax and wick, as these can release unexpected chemicals into the air.
