Jessie Taylor
Candles are often viewed as a source of ambiance, but they can also play a role in stress relief. However, when we burn candles, we may unknowingly inhale various chemicals, and candle manufacturers are not required to disclose all ingredients. Many candles are made with paraffin wax, which is a byproduct of petroleum and can release harmful chemicals into the air. As such, candles made from natural ingredients like beeswax, coconut wax, or soy wax are generally considered non-toxic and healthier alternatives. These candles often feature essential oils for fragrance and natural wicks made from materials like cotton or wood. While there is some debate about the toxicity of different types of wax, it is important to prioritize candles with natural ingredients and avoid those with artificial scents or harmful chemicals.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Wax | Soy, coconut, beeswax, plant-based waxes |
| Wick | Cotton, hemp, wood, unbleached cotton |
| Fragrance | Essential oils, phthalate-free perfume oils, organic essential oils, botanical ingredients |
| Toxins | No synthetic chemicals, no paraffin, no heavy metals, no artificial fragrances, no volatile organic compounds (VOCs), no benzene, no toluene |
| Brands | Brooklyn Candle Studio, Blue Corn Candles, Kalamazoo Candle Company, Beeswax Candle Company, Sand + Fog, Terralite, CandaScent Labs, Fontana Candle Co. |
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What You'll Learn
- Paraffin wax is a common candle ingredient derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale
- When burned, paraffin releases carcinogens like benzene and toluene?
- Metal wicks with internal wires can release heavy metals that affect hormones and reproductive health
- Natural alternatives to paraffin include soy, beeswax, and coconut wax
- Natural essential oils are used for fragrance in non-toxic candles
Paraffin wax is a common candle ingredient derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale
Paraffin wax, also known as petroleum wax, is a common candle ingredient. It was first created in 1830 by German chemist Karl von Reichenbach, who aimed to develop a method to efficiently separate and refine waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum. Paraffin wax is derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale and consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing 20 to 40 carbon atoms. It is a soft, colourless solid that is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37°C (99°F). Its boiling point is above 370°C (698°F).
The process of making paraffin wax involves removing the oil from slack wax, a mixture of oil and wax that is a byproduct of lubricating oil refining. This can be done by heating the slack wax, mixing it with solvents, and then cooling it, causing the wax to crystallize and separate from the oil. The resulting product is then filtered, distilled, and further processed to remove colours and odours. Paraffin wax can also be produced synthetically, as seen after World War II with the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, which converts coal gas to hydrocarbons. However, synthetic paraffin wax has different properties from its natural counterpart.
Paraffin wax has been a popular choice for candles due to its clean-burning properties, low cost, and availability. It was a significant advancement in candlemaking technology when it was introduced, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles while being cheaper to produce. However, concerns have been raised about the potential toxicity of paraffin wax candles. Some studies suggest that burning paraffin wax candles can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, benzene, and other toxins, contributing to indoor air pollution.
As a result, there has been a growing interest in non-toxic candle alternatives, such as those made from natural waxes like soy, beeswax, or coconut wax. These plant-based waxes are considered non-toxic and provide a cleaner burn with fewer harmful byproducts. However, it is important to consider not only the wax but also the wick material and fragrance source when assessing a candle's toxicity. Fragrances derived from synthetic ingredients can also be non-toxic if they are certified as such, and they offer the advantage of more nuanced scent profiles. Therefore, consumers concerned about toxicity should prioritise transparency and choose candle makers willing to disclose their ingredients.
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When burned, paraffin releases carcinogens like benzene and toluene
The use of candles dates back to 3000 BC, when ancient Egyptians used papyrus reeds dipped in animal fat to create torches. In the present day, paraffin wax, which is derived from petroleum, coal, or shale oil, is a common candle ingredient. However, there is a concern that burning paraffin candles may release carcinogens and other toxic chemicals.
Paraffin wax has been found to contain benzene and toluene, which are known carcinogens. The American Cancer Society and the National Institute of Health (NIH) have reported on the dangers of these chemicals. Inhalation of toluene vapours can cause damage to the central nervous system, resulting in headaches, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. The National Institute of Health also reports that exposure to toluene can cause long-term kidney damage. Additionally, inhalation of toluene can have harmful effects on the fetus in pregnant women.
The combustion process of burning paraffin candles releases these toxic chemicals into the air. A study conducted at South Carolina State University found that burning paraffin candles releases toluene, which is a benzene derivative. The researchers suggested that frequent use of these candles would lead to dangerous pollutants in the air, which can be harmful when inhaled. The study also found that during festive periods in cemeteries in Poland, there was a significant increase in benzene and toluene emissions due to the widespread use of paraffin candles.
To avoid the potential health risks associated with paraffin candles, it is recommended to opt for candles made from natural, plant-based waxes such as soy, beeswax, or coconut wax. These alternatives provide a cleaner burn and produce fewer harmful byproducts. Beeswax candles, in particular, are known to burn cleaner, purify the air, and have a longer burn time compared to other natural waxes. Essential oils and sustainable materials are also recommended for fragrance and wick material, as they ensure a safe and beneficial experience.
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Metal wicks with internal wires can release heavy metals that affect hormones and reproductive health
Candles are a popular way to create a cosy atmosphere, but they can also be a source of indoor air pollution. Metal wicks with internal wires can release heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, which have been linked to serious health issues, including hormonal imbalances and reproductive problems.
Heavy metal exposure has been associated with adverse effects on both male and female reproductive health. Lead, for example, can alter sex hormones and destabilize chromatin, leading to potential congenital disabilities. It can also impact sperm health and fertility in men. Additionally, exposure to lead before or during pregnancy may increase the risks of miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects. Heavy metals can enter breast milk and harm a child's brain development, posing risks to both the mother and the infant.
Similarly, cadmium, another metal commonly found in candle wicks, has been linked to erectile dysfunction in adult males and disruptions in the fertilization process. It can also harm developing fetuses and neonates, resulting in low birth weight, stunted growth, and a smaller head circumference in children.
The release of these heavy metals occurs through the microscopic soot produced by burning candles. This soot contains sub-micron-sized particles that can remain suspended in the air for extended periods and are easily absorbed into the body upon inhalation.
To address these concerns, consumers can opt for candles made with plant-based or natural waxes, such as soy, beeswax, or coconut wax. These alternatives offer a cleaner burn and produce fewer harmful byproducts. It is also recommended to choose candles with wicks made from natural materials, such as cotton, and to ensure fragrance sources are derived from essential oils rather than synthetic ingredients.
While the evidence on candle toxicity is still inconclusive, switching to non-toxic candles can provide peace of mind and ensure a healthier, eco-friendly option for creating a pleasant ambiance.
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Natural alternatives to paraffin include soy, beeswax, and coconut wax
Soy wax is a more eco-friendly option compared to paraffin wax, however, there are some concerns about deforestation, fertilizers, and pesticides within the soybean industry and production process. Soy wax also doesn't hold as much fragrance as some other waxes, which can be a plus if you prefer a lighter scent. It is also more difficult to work with, as it is temperamental with temperature changes and can shrink and 'frost' with white spots.
Beeswax is one of the oldest candle-making waxes and can be used in its pure state without additives. It is all-natural and chemical-free, with a delicate honey scent that enhances any space. Beeswax candles typically burn longer and emit a bright, warm glow. However, beeswax is more expensive than soy or paraffin and has less fragrance flexibility. The natural honey scent can compete with added fragrances, making it tricky to achieve strong or complex scents.
Coconut wax is a newer option that is odorless and colorless. It is a renewable product, as it is naturally sourced from coconuts. Coconut wax produces zero soot, burns cleanly, and is slow-burning, making it long-lasting. However, it has a low melting point, so candles in high-temperature climates will often melt. Due to its low melting point, coconut wax is typically combined with other types of waxes, which can make it more expensive.
While evidence of negative health effects associated with conventional candles is still inconclusive, there is some concern that volatile organic compounds can be released into the air when a candle burns. To avoid potential health risks, it's a good idea to burn candles made with plant-based waxes, fragrances, and wicks.
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Natural essential oils are used for fragrance in non-toxic candles
Non-toxic candles are made from natural materials like beeswax, soy, and coconut wax. These candles provide a cleaner burn and delightful aromas without compromising your health. They are a healthier and eco-friendly alternative to conventional candles.
Fontana Candle Co. is another company that makes non-toxic candles with beeswax, coconut oil, and essential oils. They believe that the best-smelling scents come directly from nature, not a lab. Their products contain zero synthetic chemicals and are carefully chosen for purity and sourced directly from nature.
CandaScent Labs is another brand that uses certified organic essential oils and botanical ingredients. Their candles are formulated for specific benefits, such as relaxation and creativity, and are lab-tested and certified for safety.
When choosing a non-toxic candle, it's important to consider not only the wax but also the wick material and fragrance source. To avoid potential health risks, opt for candles made with plant-based waxes, fragrances, and wicks. Look for candles that are phthalate-free and derived from 100% essential oils. Any synthetic ingredients should be certified as non-toxic. Transparency is key, so prioritize candlemakers that are willing to list ingredients in full. Remember, like most things, candles are probably best enjoyed in moderation.
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Frequently asked questions
Yes, there are candles that are marketed as non-toxic. These candles are usually made from natural ingredients such as beeswax, coconut wax, or soy wax, and scented with essential oils.
Paraffin wax is considered toxic and unhealthy to inhale. It can release harmful chemicals into the air and has been linked to respiratory issues and cancer. Artificial fragrances and dyes, as well as lead wicks, are also considered toxic.
Look for candles made with 100% natural wax and scented with essential oils or natural fragrances. The wick should be made from natural materials such as cotton or wood, and be lead-free. Avoid candles with artificial ingredients, fragrances, or harmful chemicals listed on the label.
Non-toxic candles are better for your health and the environment as they do not release harmful chemicals into the air. Beeswax candles, in particular, have the added benefit of releasing negative ions, which help purify the air by neutralizing pollutants. Additionally, some non-toxic candles use recyclable and repurposed packaging, further reducing their environmental impact.
