Brooke Martin
The prayer for Shabbat candles, known as *Lehadlik Ner Shel Shabbat*, is a central ritual in Jewish tradition, marking the beginning of the Sabbath. Recited by women or the person lighting the candles, this blessing sanctifies the act of kindling the lights, symbolizing the warmth and peace of Shabbat. The prayer, which translates to Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candle, is a moment of spiritual connection and gratitude. Lighting the candles ushers in a time of rest, reflection, and unity, as families and communities come together to honor the sacredness of the day.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Prayer Name | Brachot for Lighting Shabbat Candles |
| Hebrew Text | בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶׁל שַׁבָּת |
| Transliteration | Baruch atah Adonai Eloheinu melekh ha'olam asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Shabbat |
| Translation | Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candles. |
| Timing | 18 minutes before sunset on Friday evening, or earlier if necessary. |
| Who Recites | Traditionally, the woman of the household lights the candles and recites the blessing. If no woman is present, a man may perform the ritual. |
| Number of Candles | Two candles are typically lit, though some customs involve lighting additional candles for each child in the family. |
| Intent | To usher in the Shabbat, create a peaceful atmosphere, and fulfill the mitzvah (commandment) of lighting candles. |
| Additional Customs | Hands are covered with a cloth or sleeves while lighting; the flame is observed for a moment after lighting; some say a personal prayer or Psalm 27 afterward. |
| Source | The commandment is derived from Exodus 35:3 and is elaborated in Jewish tradition and halakha (Jewish law). |
| Significance | Symbolizes the spiritual light of Shabbat, peace in the home, and the separation between the sacred and the mundane. |
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What You'll Learn
- Blessing Recitation: Specific words to say while lighting candles, invoking holiness and Sabbath peace
- Timing Requirements: Candles must be lit 18 minutes before sunset, varying by location
- Candle Preparation: Use two candles or oil lamps, placed in a safe, visible area
- Hands Covering: Cover eyes with hands during the blessing to focus spiritually
- Post-Lighting Rituals: Avoid work, light additional candles, and welcome Shabbat tranquility
Blessing Recitation: Specific words to say while lighting candles, invoking holiness and Sabbath peace
The act of lighting Shabbat candles is a sacred tradition, accompanied by specific blessings that invoke holiness and Sabbath peace. As you prepare to kindle the flames, it is essential to recite the prescribed prayers with intention and reverence. The first blessing, recited before lighting the candles, is "Baruch Ata Adonai Eloheinu Melech Haolam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Shabbat", which translates to "Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candles." This blessing acknowledges God's sovereignty and expresses gratitude for the opportunity to fulfill this sacred mitzvah (commandment).
After reciting the initial blessing, you proceed to light the candles, ensuring that the wicks are properly ignited and the flames burn steadily. Once the candles are lit, the second blessing is recited: "Baruch Ata Adonai Eloheinu Melech Haolam, shehecheyanu v'kiy'manu v'higi'anu la'z'man hazeh", meaning "Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us, and brought us to this moment." This blessing is particularly significant when lighting candles for the first time on a special occasion or during a holiday, but it is also recited during Shabbat to express gratitude for reaching this sacred time.
In addition to these blessings, some traditions include a personal prayer or meditation, focusing on the themes of peace, unity, and spiritual renewal. While not a formal part of the blessing recitation, this moment allows the individual to connect deeply with the essence of Shabbat. The warmth and glow of the candles symbolize the divine presence, inviting tranquility and harmony into the home. It is customary to cover one’s eyes while reciting the blessings to minimize distractions and heighten the spiritual focus.
The act of lighting Shabbat candles is not merely a ritual but a transformative experience, marking the transition from the mundane to the sacred. The specific words of the blessings serve as a bridge between the physical and spiritual realms, inviting God's presence into the home and heart. As the candles burn, they illuminate not only the space but also the soul, fostering a sense of peace and connection to the divine. This practice, passed down through generations, reinforces the timeless values of faith, family, and community.
Finally, after reciting the blessings, it is customary to welcome the Sabbath with open arms, often by singing "Shalom Aleichem", a traditional hymn that greets the angels of peace said to accompany the Sabbath. This completes the ritual, creating a seamless flow from the lighting of the candles to the full embrace of Shabbat's serenity. Through these specific words and actions, the lighting of Shabbat candles becomes a profound act of devotion, sanctifying time and space for rest, reflection, and spiritual rejuvenation.
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Timing Requirements: Candles must be lit 18 minutes before sunset, varying by location
The timing for lighting Shabbat candles is a critical aspect of the ritual, deeply rooted in Jewish tradition. According to halakha (Jewish law), candles must be lit 18 minutes before sunset, a rule that ensures the flames are kindled before the onset of Shabbat. This specific timing is not arbitrary; it is derived from the Talmud (Shabbat 35a), which states that the transition from weekday to Shabbat should be marked with this precise interval. The 18-minute rule is universally observed, though its practical application varies depending on geographical location. For instance, in Jerusalem, sunset times differ from those in New York or London, necessitating adjustments to ensure compliance with the 18-minute requirement.
To accurately observe this timing, one must consult a reliable Jewish calendar or local rabbinic authority, as sunset times fluctuate daily and seasonally. Websites, apps, and printed calendars often provide location-specific times for candle lighting, making it easier for individuals to adhere to the rule. It is essential to note that the 18 minutes are calculated before the moment of sunset, not after. Lighting the candles even a minute late invalidates the mitzvah (commandment) if Shabbat has already begun. Therefore, punctuality is paramount, and many families prepare well in advance to avoid delays.
The variation in timing by location highlights the global nature of Jewish practice. For example, in cities closer to the equator, sunset times may change minimally throughout the year, whereas in northern or southern latitudes, the difference between summer and winter sunsets can be dramatic. This means that in places like Stockholm or Sydney, the 18-minute rule requires careful attention to seasonal shifts. Communities often rely on local Jewish organizations or synagogues to disseminate accurate candle-lighting times, ensuring unity in observance despite geographical disparities.
It is also important to understand that the 18-minute rule is not merely a technicality but carries spiritual significance. The act of lighting candles 18 minutes before sunset symbolizes the proactive welcoming of Shabbat, a time of peace and sanctity. This preparatory act allows families to transition smoothly from the mundane to the sacred, creating a buffer period to focus on the prayers and intentions associated with the ritual. Thus, the timing is both a practical and spiritual threshold, marking the beginning of a day of rest and connection.
Finally, while the 18-minute rule is standard, there are exceptions in certain circumstances. For example, if one is traveling or in a situation where precise timing is impossible, Jewish law provides leniencies. However, under normal conditions, adherence to the rule is non-negotiable. Women and girls aged 12 and above are primarily responsible for this mitzvah, though in their absence, a man may fulfill the obligation. Regardless of who lights the candles, the timing remains the same, emphasizing the universal importance of this ritual across the Jewish community. By observing the 18-minute rule, individuals and families honor the tradition and ensure the sanctity of Shabbat is preserved.
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Candle Preparation: Use two candles or oil lamps, placed in a safe, visible area
When preparing to light the Shabbat candles, the first step is to ensure you have the proper materials. Candle Preparation begins with selecting two candles or oil lamps, as this number symbolizes the commandment to "remember" and "observe" the Sabbath, as mentioned in Exodus 20:8. The candles should be new and unused, specifically designated for this sacred ritual. If using oil lamps, ensure they are clean and filled with enough oil to burn throughout the Shabbat. The choice between candles and oil lamps is a matter of tradition and personal preference, but both are equally valid for this sacred practice.
Once you have your candles or oil lamps, the next step is to choose a safe and visible area for placement. Safety is paramount, as open flames require careful handling. Place the candles on a stable, non-flammable surface, away from curtains, papers, or any other materials that could catch fire. Many families use a special candlestick holder or tray to ensure stability and contain any wax drippings. The area should also be visible, as the light of the candles is meant to illuminate the home both physically and spiritually. Traditionally, they are lit in a central location, such as the dining table or a dedicated shelf, where they can be seen and appreciated by all household members.
Before lighting, ensure the wicks of the candles are trimmed to an appropriate length or that the oil lamps are properly prepared. A wick that is too long may produce smoke or an uneven flame, while one that is too short may be difficult to light. The goal is to create a steady, calm flame that burns brightly. If using candles, arrange them side by side, with a slight distance between them to allow each flame to breathe. For oil lamps, ensure the wicks are straight and fully saturated with oil for a consistent burn.
The placement of the candles or oil lamps should also consider the person lighting them. They should be positioned at eye level or slightly above when standing, as this facilitates the recitation of the blessing while gazing at the flames. If lighting in a room with multiple levels, ensure they are placed on the highest level to elevate their spiritual significance. Additionally, cover your eyes with your hands during the blessing to focus inwardly and avoid being distracted by the beauty of the flames.
Finally, prepare the area around the candles to enhance the sanctity of the moment. Some families cover their challah bread or wash their hands before lighting, as these acts precede the candle-lighting ritual. Ensure the room is tidy and free from clutter to create a peaceful atmosphere. The act of Candle Preparation is not just a physical task but a spiritual one, setting the tone for the entire Shabbat. By placing the candles in a safe and visible area, you create a focal point for the family to gather, reflect, and welcome the holiness of the Sabbath.
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Hands Covering: Cover eyes with hands during the blessing to focus spiritually
During the lighting of the Shabbat candles, the practice of covering one’s eyes with hands during the blessing is a deeply spiritual and intentional act. This gesture, known as *"kisuy einayim"* in Hebrew, serves to create a moment of profound focus and connection with the sacredness of the ritual. By physically blocking out visual distractions, the individual is encouraged to turn inward, directing their attention solely to the words of the blessing and the divine presence it invokes. This act symbolizes a deliberate separation from the mundane world, allowing the soul to engage fully with the spiritual essence of Shabbat.
The hands, when placed over the eyes, form a protective barrier that shields the person from external influences. This simple yet powerful movement fosters an environment of introspection and mindfulness. It is a reminder that the act of lighting the candles is not merely a physical task but a spiritual one, requiring full presence and devotion. The warmth of the hands over the eyes can also evoke a sense of comfort and intimacy, as if one is being cradled in a moment of divine communion. This practice encourages the individual to let go of worldly concerns and embrace the tranquility that Shabbat promises.
Instructively, the process of covering the eyes begins immediately after the candles are lit and the blessing is recited. As the flame flickers to life, the hands are gently lifted to the face, palms resting softly over the eyes. The fingers are typically extended to create a complete cover, ensuring that no external light or movement distracts from the spiritual focus. This posture is maintained throughout the recitation of the blessing, only being released once the final words are spoken. The timing and precision of this action emphasize its significance, reinforcing the idea that the blessing is a sacred conversation with God.
Spiritually, the act of covering the eyes during the blessing aligns with the broader themes of Shabbat—rest, reflection, and renewal. It mirrors the concept of *"shamor"* (guarding) and *"zakhor"* (remembering), the dual commandments associated with Shabbat. By guarding the senses, one actively remembers the holiness of the day and the covenant between God and the Jewish people. This practice also echoes the idea of *"hiddur mitzvah"* (beautifying the commandment), as it elevates the ritual by adding a layer of intentionality and depth. It transforms the act of lighting candles into a meditative experience, where every word of the blessing is felt as much as it is spoken.
Finally, the practice of covering the eyes during the Shabbat candle blessing is a testament to the richness of Jewish tradition and its emphasis on mindfulness. It teaches that even the smallest gestures can carry profound meaning when performed with intention. For those new to this custom, it is important to approach it with reverence and patience, allowing the act to become a natural part of the Shabbat ritual. Over time, this practice can deepen one’s appreciation for the spiritual dimensions of Shabbat, making the lighting of the candles a truly transformative experience. By embracing *"kisuy einayim,"* one not only honors tradition but also cultivates a personal connection to the divine light that Shabbat brings into the world.
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Post-Lighting Rituals: Avoid work, light additional candles, and welcome Shabbat tranquility
After lighting the Shabbat candles and reciting the traditional blessing, the focus shifts to the post-lighting rituals that deepen the spiritual and communal experience of Shabbat. One of the most important practices is to avoid all forms of work from this moment onward. This includes any activity that is prohibited on Shabbat, such as cooking, writing, using electronic devices, or engaging in business matters. By ceasing work, individuals and families create a sacred boundary between the mundane week and the holiness of Shabbat, allowing for rest, reflection, and connection with God and loved ones.
Following the avoidance of work, many households choose to light additional candles to enhance the warmth and tranquility of the Shabbat atmosphere. While the initial two candles (or multiples of two) are lit to fulfill the mitzvah, extra candles can be added for aesthetic and spiritual reasons. These additional lights symbolize the spreading of peace and joy, transforming the home into a sanctuary of serenity. It is customary to ensure these candles are lit before Shabbat begins, as no new flames can be kindled once Shabbat has started.
As the candles glow, families and individuals are encouraged to welcome Shabbat tranquility by engaging in calming activities that align with the spirit of the day. This may include singing zemirot (Shabbat songs), sharing words of Torah, or simply enjoying quiet moments of gratitude and prayer. The soft light of the candles fosters an environment conducive to introspection and bonding, allowing everyone to leave behind the stresses of the week and embrace the peace of Shabbat.
Another meaningful practice is to cover the candles with a decorative cloth or special candleholder after the blessing, ensuring they burn safely throughout Shabbat. This act symbolizes the protection of the Shabbat light and serves as a visual reminder of the sanctity of the day. Families may also gather around the table for the Shabbat meals, where the candles continue to illuminate the space, fostering a sense of unity and gratitude.
Finally, the post-lighting rituals culminate in a collective transition into Shabbat mode, where the focus is on rest, prayer, and joy. By avoiding work, lighting additional candles, and embracing tranquility, individuals honor the commandment to "remember the Shabbat day to keep it holy." This intentional shift in routine allows for a deeper appreciation of the divine gift of Shabbat, creating a space where spiritual renewal and familial connection can flourish.
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Frequently asked questions
The traditional prayer recited when lighting Shabbat candles is: "Baruch atah Adonai Eloheinu melekh ha’olam, asher kid’shanu b’mitzvotav v’tzivanu l’hadlik ner shel Shabbat" (Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candles).
The prayer is typically recited by the person lighting the candles, usually the woman of the household. However, if a man lights the candles in her absence, he recites the blessing as well.
While the prayer is traditionally recited in Hebrew, it is permissible to say it in another language if the person does not understand Hebrew, as long as the intent and meaning are preserved.
